Dunn, 'Hermits, Anchorites and Recluses: A Study with Reference to Medieval Norwich,' in Frank Dale Sayer, ed., Julian and her Norwich: Commemorative Essays and Handbook to the Exhibition 'Revelations of Divine Love,' pp. For anchorites in Norwich specifically, see the lively essay by F. Most details in this summary of anchoritic life come from Warren. 75-76, note 3, for a criticism of Russell's use of the 1377 poll tax returns as a basis for population estimates. But see John Hatcher, Plague, Population and the English Economy 1348-1530, Studies in Economic and Social History (London: Macmillan Press, 1977), pp. 19-20, and Josiah Cox Russell, 'The Clerical Population of Medieval England,' Traditio 2 (1944), 179. The quotation from the will of Isabel Ufford is from C&W, I, 34.Ĩ Warren, pp. In 1416, the prioress of Carrow Abbey, where Julian may have been a nun, brought the prior of the cathedral and another monk to court for driving cattle off from the convent's pastures to their own grazing lands (Tanner, p. The author's concern about the inherent distractions of cows may not have been too solicitous. Dobson, EETS 267 (London: Oxford University Press, 1972), p. 176, note 3.Ħ The English Text of the Ancrene Riwle, ed. Ong, 'Orality, Literacy, and Medieval Textualization,' NLH 16 (1984), 1-12.ĥ Psychanalyse et sciences de l'homme, 1958 rpt. 106-11.Ĥ For a brief overview of 'cultural diglossia,' the scope of interactions between orality and literacy in the Middle Ages, see Walter J. Courtenay, Schools and Scholars in Fourteenth-Century England (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987), pp.

For basic information on medieval Norwich see James Campbell, 'Norwich,' The Atlas of Historic Towns II, 1-25.ģ For the educational situation in Norwich, see William J. At times in the Middle Ages it was the second most populous city in England at other times, York and Lincoln outpaced Norwich. Estimates given for Julian's lifetime range around 6,000. Population fell dramatically in the fourteenth century because of the plague.

In 1066, the population was something over 10,000. Evidence points to Norwich's relative size and importance at the close of the Anglo-Saxon period. Competence in Latin was an accepted fourteenth-century meaning of literacy.Ģ Medieval England did not have the populous urban centers of the continent. A gathering of evidence which leans toward keeping the question open appears in Pelphrey (1982), pp. The evidence for Julian's learning is most formidably assembled in the 1978 edition of Colledge and Walsh, I, 43-59, and notes throughout, cited here as C&W. THE SHEWINGS OF JULIAN OF NORWICH, INTRODUCTION: FOOTNOTESġ Among those endorsing the first suggestion are Fathers Edmund Colledge and James Walsh (C&W, I, 47) among those proposing the second, Riehle, p.

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